gauge invariant造句

• In short, the simplified language introduced before is not gauge invariant.
• The most often studied class of gauge invariant operators are Wilson loops.
• Only the product of two contracted over all indices is gauge invariant.
• If there is a gauge anomaly, the resulting action will not be gauge invariant.
• The idea is to work with gauge invariant operators and operator product expansions of them.
• That is, Wilson loops constitute a basis of gauge invariant functions of the connection.
• As Wilson loops form a basis we can formally expand any Gauss gauge invariant function as,
• To circumvent the problems introduced by this complicated relationship Thiemann first defines the Gauss gauge invariant quantity
• The skew field coupling is a Pauli coupling and is gauge invariant for any source current.
• In contrast to QED, the gluon field strength tensor is not gauge invariant by itself.
• As spin network functions form a basis we can formally expand any Gauss gauge invariant function as,
• In order to extract physical information from gauge theories, one either constructs gauge invariant observables or fixes a gauge.
• There is a so-called gauge-invariant formalism, in which only gauge invariant combinations of variables are considered.
• If we were using one gauge for all fields, " X " } } would be gauge invariant.
• Such gauge invariant observables are thus the ` constants of motion'of the gauge generators and referred to as Dirac observables.
• The tensor S ^ T { } _ { ij } is gauge invariant : it does not change under infinitesimal coordinate transformations.
• Its integral over a " p "-dimensional manifold is a global geometric invariant, and is typically gauge invariant modulo addition of an integer.
• His earliest paper is " Gauge Invariant Superstring Field Theory, " co-authored with Andr?LeClair and published in 1986 in Nuclear Physics B.
• The color-line diagrams can be restated in terms of conservation laws of color; however, as noted before, this is not a gauge invariant language.
• Mills and Yang shared the 1980 Rumford Premium Prize from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences for their " development of a generalized gauge invariant field theory " in 1954.